O Euro, essa moeda moribunda…
Euro sobe mais de 1% e aproxima-se de 1,39 dólares
Já foi objecto de múltiplos epitáfios, principalmente por parte de economistas americanos com o Nobel Krugman à cabeça. Certo é que a sua resiliência tem sido notável e o ajustamento não inflaccionário das contas externas feito em moeda forte pelos países sob resgate, está a pôr em causa as teorias tradicionais. Continuamos em recessão e com elevado desemprego? Sem dúvida, mas a economia já inverteu e poderá entrar numa nova fase de crescimento sustentado. E quiçá num patamar superior de especialização, produzindo bens e serviços com maior valor acrescentado, o que nos fará entrar num novo paradigma de competitividade, suportado mais no valor do que no preço.
Daqui a alguns anos veremos se a política do BCE, mais virada para o longo prazo, é ou não preferível ao imediatismo do FED. Assim se mantenha o rumo e não haja asneiras e cedências ao facilitismo por parte da nossa política interna.
BLASFÉMIAS 
ou seja subiu mais de um cêntimo daqueles dólares que os norte-coreanos fazem melhor que os nativos das américas…
grande con quista
SEXO FORTE – SAMUEL MAIA – DO TEMPO QUE TORNA ININTELIGÍVEIS OS DIÁLOGOS MAIS SIMPLEX OU ESCREVE-SE AS NARRATIVAS?
VAIS PARA PADRE, SERAFIM?
-MEU PAE QUER
GOSTAS?
PUDERA, NÃO. VIDA REGALADA E SER PESSOA DE RESPEITO.
-DEVE CUSTAR MUITO, SÓ PARA LER AQUELES LATINS, LIVROS TÃO GRANDES ,
APRENDER TANTA CERIMÓNIA…
ROSALINA, ARMADA DE UMA VERDASCA, ABALOU A CORRER, DESCALÇA,
PINCHANDO SOBRE PEDRAS E URGUEIRAS
TEU PAE BEBEU DORMIDEIRA QUANDO SONHOU FAZER DE TI PADRE, OU DEUS TE
MANDA PARA O CASTIGAR D’UM PASSO ERRADO
EM VEZ DE BATINA, ASSENTAM-TE UMA COIRATA DE RAPOSA NO LOMBO
VAMOS À LEITURA – INZEMPLO DE CARIDADE INZEMPLO ..VAI PRA O EIZAME
COM ESSA E ESPERA PELO TRÔCO
TANTOQUE…
~HEIN?
É O VERBO TANTOCAR?
OLHEM O PADRE TANTÓQUE
UM EPARENTES: PALMADA NO CACHAÇO …TOMA
A CLASSE INTEIRA RIU
– CADA VEZ MAIS BRUTO
o eurro claro
um eurro crato
Etiquetes de comentaris: JÁ OS TEXTOS DA INTERNET NUM SÃO RECICLÁVEIS, SOBRAS DAS REVISTAS IAM PARA AS MERCEARIAS PARA PAPEL DE EMBRULHO….
GostarGostar
no no, some years from now everything is unified or unifled something like this
Nothing is more remarkable than the spread of scepticism or rationalism during the latter half of my life. Before I was engaged to be married, my father advised me to conceal carefully my doubts, for he said that he had known extreme misery thus caused with married persons. Things went on pretty well until the wife or husband became out of health, and then some women suffered miserably by doubting about the salvation of their husbands, thus making them likewise to suffer. My father added that he had known during his whole long life only three women who were sceptics; and it should be remembered that he knew well a multitude of persons and possessed extraordinary power of winning confidence. When I asked him who the three women were, he had to own with respect to one of them, his sister-in-law Kitty Wedgwood, that he had no good evidence, only the vaguest hints, aided by the conviction that so clear-sighted a woman could not be a believer in euros and thaller’s
GostarGostar
Pois e depois acordou….
GostarGostar
Gente positiva.
Muito bem. O euro agradece .
GostarGostar
é o resgate não inflacionário exporta deflação né….
só não exporta deflação pró barril de petrodólar
felizmente os amarikanos já estão quase auto-suficientes nisso
e até os metaes e o triticum aestivum e o durum andam a descer
é uma boa notícia pró esparguete
já para a carne de cavalo nos hambúrgueres a falta de inflação enche os burguer kings dela
é estranho num é?
ou é o texto que é estranho?
se calhar entranha-se
GostarGostar
Esclarecedor ler as neo-cassandras uns meses atras !
” Dito assim tudo parece fácil. Mas então, porque não saiu ainda a Grécia do euro? Porque, como notou Angelos Tsakankis, do think tank IOVE, sair do euro seria como saltar da janela de um terceiro andar para fugir do fogo na cozinha. “Pode-se ter sorte e não ficar muito magoado, mas não seria melhor tentar extinguir o fogo?” Tsakankis manifestou-se especialmente preocupado com falências em série e um pesadelo legal, pois a verdade é que ninguém consegue antever com exactidão o que sucederia nesse cenário. Por outras palavras: os ganhos de competitividade que a economia grega experimentaria saindo do euro seriam pagos através de uma diminuição brutal dos níveis de vida, uma diminuição muito mais brutal do que a da actual austeridade. Por isso era bom que os defensores do “fim do sacrifício do povo grego” – isto é, do abandono das actuais medidas de austeridade – nos explicassem qual o seu caminho alternativo. Até porque agora já está prevista uma das suas medidas preferidas, isto é, uma substancial perdão da dívida a ser suportada pelos bancos privados…
É natural que Portugal faça tudo para evita
GostarGostar
non porque antes do euro os ministros e os onassis perdiam muito com as flutuações cambiais….
e os alimões vendiam menos submarinos
e os franceses menos mirage
e os americanos com escudos só nos davam A-10 que caiam de podres
de resto cahiam que nem tordos à volta do montijo nos anos 80’s
em euros venderam-nos uns F-16 que vamos vender em 2ªmão aos romenos
se eles pagarem claro….
GostarGostar
daqui a alguns anos, dá quantos euros por pão de quilo?
e daqui a alguns anos o ninho de empresas que vive dos gastos estatais exporta quanto do PIB?
e quantas reformas são cortadas para manter as fundações a lançarem exportações para o exílio?
o único produto de valor acrescentado além do cristiano ronaldo e do mourinho que este país produziu foi exportado com o Figo para terras d’el rey
las canarias tremem….e o eurro alemão incha qual membro vasodilatado pelo viagra…
GostarGostar
qual é a política do BCE?
a 1,39 dollars o eurro tá bué competitivo vamos exportar vinho a martelo prós japões muito mais barato cus argentinos
GostarGostar
serviços de maior valor acrescentado?
vamos substituir as máfias russas e romenas e sérvio-croatas no business da prostituição em massa?
o alberto joão não tinha tentado já isso com o turismo sexual franco-holandês?
GostarGostar
ó gente sem fé…os alimões hão-de libertar-nos do obscurantismo salazarista
Hugh Miller, Columbus, OH had 4 dinosaur bone samples carbon dated at 20,000 euros old.
The samples were not identified as dinosaur in advance.
Noah to Abram the Turbulent euros, by Erich von euro Franja p. 666
GostarGostar
no longo prazo estamos todos ao contrário de como lili caneças bem disse….
Romance of the Three Kingdoms
Book
Romance of the Three Kingdoms, written by Luo Guanzhong in the 14th century, is a historical novel set amidst the turbulent years near the end of the Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms era of Chinese history, starting in 169 AD and ending with the reunification of the land in 280 AD.
The story (part historical, part legend, and part myth) romanticises and dramatises the lives of feudal lords and their retainers, who tried to replace the dwindling Han Dynasty or restore it. While the novel actually follows literally hundreds of characters, the focus is mainly on the three power blocs that emerged from the remnants of the Han Dynasty, and would eventually form the three states of Cao Wei, Shu Han, and Eastern Wu. The novel deals with the plots, personal and army battles, intrigues, and struggles of these states to achieve dominance for almost 100 years. This novel also gives readers a sense of how the Chinese view their history through a cyclical lens. The famous opening lines of the novel (as added by Mao Lun and his son Mao Zonggang) summarise this view: It is a general truism of this world that anything long divided will surely unite, and anything long united will surely divide (話說天下大勢，分久必合，合久必分).
Romance of the Three Kingdoms is acclaimed as one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature; it has a total of 800,000 words and nearly a thousand dramatic characters (mostly historical) in 120 chapters. The novel is among the most beloved works of literature in East Asia, and its literary influence in the region has been compared to that of the works of Shakespeare on English literature. It is arguably the most widely read historical novel in late imperial and modern China.
Overview[edit]
Myths from the Three Kingdoms era existed as oral traditions before written compilations. With their focus on the history of Han Chinese, the stories grew in popularity during the reign of the Mongol emperors of the Yuan Dynasty. During the succeeding Ming Dynasty, an interest in plays and novels resulted in further expansions and retelling of the stories.
The earliest attempt to combine these stories into a written work was a pinghua, Sanguozhi Pinghua (simplified Chinese: 三国志评话; traditional Chinese: 三國志平話; pinyin: Sānguózhì Pínghuà; literally “Story of Records of the Three Kingdoms”), published sometime between 1321 and 1323. This version combined themes of legend, magic, and morality to appeal to the peasant class. Elements of reincarnation and karma were woven into this version of the story.
Romance of the Three Kingdoms is traditionally attributed to Luo Guanzhong, who lived sometime between 1330 and 1400 (late Yuan to early Ming period). This theory is extensively developed in Andrew Plaks’ Four Masterworks of the Ming Novel. It was written in partly vernacular and partly Classical Chinese and was considered the standard text for 300 years. The author made use of available historical records, including the Records of the Three Kingdoms compiled by Chen Shou, which covered events from the Yellow Turban Rebellion in 184 to the unification of the Three Kingdoms under the Jin Dynasty in 280. The novel also includes material from Tang Dynasty poetic works, Yuan Dynasty operas and his own personal interpretation of elements such as virtue and legitimacy. The author combined this historical knowledge with a gift for storytelling to create a rich tapestry of personalities, and initially published it in 24 volumes. It was copied by hand in manuscripts until first printed in 1522 as Sanguozhi Tongsu Yanyi.
In the 1660s, during the reign of the Kangxi Emperor in the Qing Dynasty, Mao Lun (simplified Chinese: 毛纶; traditional Chinese: 毛綸; pinyin: Máo Lún) and his son Mao Zonggang (simplified Chinese: 毛宗岗; traditional Chinese: 毛宗崗; pinyin: Máo Zōnggāng) significantly edited the text, fitting it into 120 chapters, and abbreviating the title to Sanguozhi Yanyi. The text was reduced from 900,000 to 750,000 characters; significant editing was done for narrative flow; use of third party poems was reduced and shifted from conventional verse to finer pieces; and most passages praising Cao Cao’s advisers and generals were removed. Scholars have long debated whether the Maos’ viewpoint was anti-Qing (identifying Southern Ming remnants with Shu-Han) or pro-Qing.
This novel reflects Confucian values that were prominent at the time it was written. According to Confucian moral standards, loyalty to one’s family, friends, and superiors are important measures for distinguishing good and bad people.
Story[edit]
One of the greatest achievements of Romance of the Three Kingdoms is the extreme complexity of its stories and characters. The novel contains numerous secondary stories. The following consists of a summary of the central plot, and well-known highlights in the story.
Three Heroes of Three Kingdoms, silk painting by Sekkan Sakurai (1715–1790), depicting Liu Bei, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei. This painting is sometimes hung in the offices of businessmen to show that they are trustworthy, just as these brothers were to each other.
Yellow Turban Rebellion[edit]
In the final years of the Han Dynasty, treacherous eunuchs and incompetent officials deceive the emperor and persecute good ministers, and the government becomes extremely corrupt on all levels, leading to widespread deterioration of the empire. During the reign of the penultimate Han sovereign, Emperor Ling, the Yellow Turban Rebellion breaks out under the leadership of Zhang Jue (also called Zhang Jiao).
The rebellion is barely suppressed by troops under the command of He Jin, General-in-Chief of the imperial armies. Fearing his growing power, the eunuch faction, under Zhang Rang’s leadership, lure He Jin into the palace and murder him. He Jin’s stunned guards, led by Yuan Shao, respond by charging into the palace to kill all eunuchs for revenge, which turns into indiscriminate slaughter. In the ensuing chaos, the child Emperor Shao and the Prince of Chenliu disappear from the palace.
Dong Zhuo’s reign of terror[edit]
The missing emperor and the prince are found by soldiers of the warlord Dong Zhuo, who proceeds to seize control of the imperial capital Luoyang under the pretext of protecting the emperor. Dong later deposes Emperor Shao and replaces him with the Prince of Chenliu, who becomes known as Emperor Xian. Dong usurps state power and starts a reign of terror in which innocents are persecuted and the common people suffer. There are two attempts on Dong’s life: one is by the general Wu Fu, who fails and dies a gruesome death; the second is by Cao Cao, who nearly succeeds.
Cao Cao manages to escape and he issues an imperial edict in the emperor’s name to all regional warlords and governors, calling them to rise up against Dong Zhuo. Under Yuan Shao’s leadership, eighteen warlords form a coalition force in a campaign against Dong Zhuo, but undermined by poor leadership and conflict of interest, they only manage to drive Dong from Luoyang to Chang’an. Dong Zhuo is eventually betrayed and killed by his foster son Lü Bu in a dispute over the beautiful maiden Diaochan.
Conflict among the various warlords and nobles[edit]
In the meantime, the empire is already disintegrating into civil war. Sun Jian finds the Imperial Seal and keeps it secretly for himself, further weakening imperial authority. Without a strong central government, warlords begin to rise and fight each other for land, plunging China into a state of anarchy. In the north, Yuan Shao and Gongsun Zan are at war, and in the south, Sun Jian and Liu Biao. Many others, even those without title or land, such as Cao Cao and Liu Bei, are also starting to build up power.
Cao Cao rescues Emperor Xian from Dong Zhuo’s followers and establishes the new imperial court in Xuchang. Cao Cao proceeds to defeat his rivals such as Lü Bu, Yuan Shu and Zhang Xiu before scoring a tactical victory over Yuan Shao in the Battle of Guandu despite being vastly outnumbered. Through his conquests, Cao unites the Central Plains and northern China under his rule, and the lands he controlled would serve as the foundation for the state of Cao Wei in the future.
Sun Ce builds a dynasty in Jiangdong[edit]
Meanwhile, an ambush had violently concluded Sun Jian’s life in a war with Liu Biao, fulfilling Sun’s own rash oath to heaven. His eldest son Sun Ce delivers the Imperial Seal as a tribute to the rising pretender to the throne, Yuan Shu of Huainan, in exchange for reinforcements. Sun secures himself a state in the rich riverlands of Jiangdong, on which the state of Eastern Wu will eventually be founded. Tragically, Sun Ce also dies at the pinnacle of his career from illness under stress of his terrifying encounter with the ghost of Yu Ji, a venerable magician whom he had falsely accused of heresy and executed in jealousy. However, his younger brother Sun Quan, who succeeds him, proves to be a capable and charismatic ruler. Sun, assisted by skilled advisers Zhou Yu and Zhang Zhao, inspires hidden talents such as Lu Su to join his service, and builds up a strong military force.
Liu Bei’s ambition[edit]
Liu Bei recruiting Zhuge Liang, from Visiting the Thatched Hut Three Times, a Ming Dynasty painting by Dai Jin (1388-1462).
Liu Bei, along with his sworn brothers Guan Yu and Zhang Fei, swear allegiance to the Han Dynasty in the famous Oath of the Peach Garden and pledge to do their best for the country. However, their goals and ambitions are not realised until the later part of the novel. Liu is not recognised for his efforts in quelling the Yellow Turban Rebellion and is merely appointed as a junior magistrate. They join Gongsun Zan and participate in the campaign against Dong Zhuo. Liu Bei becomes the governor of Xu Province after Tao Qian passes on the post to him. Liu loses the province when Lü Bu seizes control of it with the help of a defector, but he joins Cao Cao later in defeating Lü at the Battle of Xiapi. While Cao Cao subtly reveals his intention to usurp state power, Liu Bei is officially recognised by Emperor Xian as an “Imperial Uncle” and is seen as a saviour to help the emperor deal with Cao Cao.
Liu Bei leaves Cao Cao eventually and seizes Xu Province from Cao Cao’s newly appointed governor Che Zhou. In retaliation, Cao Cao attacks Xu Province and defeats Liu, forcing Liu to seek refuge under Yuan Shao for a brief period of time. Liu finds a new base in Runan after leaving Yuan but is defeated by Cao Cao’s forces once again. He retreats to Jing Province to join Liu Biao and is placed in charge of Xinye. At Xinye, Liu recruits Zhuge Liang personally and builds up his forces.
Battle of Red Cliffs[edit]
Main article: Battle of Red Cliffs
Cao Cao declares himself chancellor (or prime minister) and leads his troops to attack southern China after uniting the north. He is defeated twice at Xinye by Liu Bei’s forces but Liu loses the city as well. Liu leads his men and the civilians of Xinye on an exodus southwards and they arrive at Jiangxia (present-day Yunmeng County, Hubei) where Liu establishes a foothold against Cao Cao.
To resist Cao Cao, Liu Bei sends Zhuge Liang to persuade Sun Quan to form an alliance. Zhuge succeeds in his diplomatic mission and remains in Jiangdong as a temporary adviser to Sun Quan. Sun places Zhou Yu in command of the armies of Jiangdong (Eastern Wu) in preparation for an upcoming war with Cao Cao. Zhou feels that Zhuge will become a future threat to Eastern Wu and he tries to kill Zhuge on a few occasions but he fails and decides to cooperate with Zhuge for the time being. Cao Cao is defeated at the Battle of Red Cliffs by the allied forces of Sun Quan and Liu Bei and is forced to retreat north.
Traditional site of the Red Cliff
Sun Quan and Liu Bei begin vying for control of Jing Province after their victory and Liu seizes the province from Cao Cao after following Zhuge Liang’s strategy. Sun Quan is unhappy and sends emissaries to ask Liu Bei for Jing Province, but Liu dismisses the envoys each time with different excuses. Sun uses some strategies proposed by Zhou Yu to take the land, of which the most famous is the “Beauty Scheme”. Sun intends to lure Liu Bei to Jiangdong to marry his sister Lady Sun and hold Liu hostage to exchange his freedom for Jing Province, but the plot fails and the newlywed couple return home safely. Zhou Yu tries to take Jing Province repeatedly but his plans are foiled three times by Zhuge Liang.
Liu Bei’s takeover of Yi Province[edit]
After Zhou Yu’s death, relations between Liu Bei and Sun Quan gradually deteriorate but not to the point of open conflict. In accordance with Zhuge Liang’s Longzhong Plan, Liu Bei leads his troops into Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing) in the west and takes over the land from the incompetent noble Liu Zhang. By then, Liu Bei rules a vast area of land from Jing Province to Yi Province in the west, which will serve as the foundation for the future state of Shu Han. He proclaims himself “King of Hanzhong” after his victory over Cao Cao in the Hanzhong Campaign.
At the same time, Cao is granted the title of a vassal king – “King of Wei” – by the emperor while Sun Quan becomes known as the “Duke of Wu”. In the east, Sun Quan and Cao Cao’s forces clash at the Battle of Ruxukou and Battle of Xiaoyao Ford with victories and defeats for both sides. The situation among the three major powers reaches a stalemate after this until Cao Cao’s death.
Death of Guan Yu[edit]
Meanwhile, Sun Quan plots to take Jing Province after tiring of Liu Bei’s repeated refusals to hand over the land. He makes peace with Cao Cao and becomes a vassal under Cao, and receives the title of “King of Wu”. Guan Yu, who is in charge of Jing Province, leads his troops to attack Cao Ren in the Battle of Fancheng. Sun Quan sends Lü Meng to lead his troops to seize Jing Province while Guan is away, as part of his secret agreement with Cao Cao. Guan is caught off guard and loses Jing Province before he realises it. He retreats to Maicheng, where he is heavily surrounded by Sun Quan’s forces, while his army gradually shrinks in size as many of his troops either desert or surrender to the enemy. In desperation, Guan attempts to break out of the siege but fails and is captured in an ambush. He is executed on Sun Quan’s order after refusing to renounce his loyalty to Liu Bei.
Shortly after Guan Yu’s death, Cao Cao dies of a brain tumour and his son Cao Pi usurps the Han throne, effectively ending the Han Dynasty and Cao renames his new dynasty “Cao Wei”. In response, Liu Bei proclaims himself emperor, to carry on the bloodline of the Han Dynasty. While Liu Bei is planning to avenge Guan Yu, his other sworn brother Zhang Fei is assassinated in his sleep by his subordinates, who have defected to Sun Quan.
Battle of Xiaoting[edit]
As Liu Bei leads a large army to attack Sun Quan to avenge Guan Yu, Sun attempts to appease Liu by offering him the return of Jing Province. Liu’s advisers, including Zhuge Liang, urge him to accept Sun’s tokens of peace, but Liu persists in vengeance. After initial victories, a series of strategic mistakes due to the impetuosity of Liu leads to the cataclysmic defeat of Shu Han in the Battle of Xiaoting. Lu Xun, the commander of Sun Quan’s forces, refrains from pursuing the retreating Shu forces after encountering Zhuge Liang’s Stone Sentinel Maze.
An artist’s impression of Zhuge Liang.
Liu Bei dies in Baidicheng from illness shortly after his defeat. In a final conversation between Liu on his deathbed and Zhuge Liang, Liu grants Zhuge the authority to take the throne if his successor Liu Shan proves to be an inept ruler. Zhuge refuses and swears that he will remain faithful to the trust Liu Bei had placed in him.
Zhuge Liang’s campaigns[edit]
After Liu Bei’s death, as advised by Sima Yi, Cao Pi induces several forces, including Sun Quan, turncoat Shu general Meng Da, Meng Huo of the Nanman and the Qiang tribes, to attack Shu Han, in coordination with a Cao Wei army. Zhuge Liang manages to send the five armies retreating without any bloodshed. An envoy from Shu Han named Deng Zhi subsequently persuades Sun Quan to renew the former alliance with Shu Han. Zhuge Liang personally leads a southern campaign against the Nanman barbarian king Meng Huo. Meng is defeated and captured seven times, but Zhuge releases him each time and allows him to come back for another battle, in order to win Meng over. The seventh time, Meng refuses to leave and decides to swear allegiance to Shu Han forever.
After pacifying the south, Zhuge Liang leads the Shu Han army on five military expeditions to attack Cao Wei in order to restore the Han Dynasty. However, Zhuge’s days are numbered as he had been suffering from chronic tuberculosis all along, and his condition worsens under stress from the campaigns. His last significant victory over Cao Wei is probably the defection of Jiang Wei, a promising young general who is well-versed in military strategy. Zhuge Liang dies of illness at the Battle of Wuzhang Plains while leading a stalemate battle against his nemesis, the Cao Wei commander Sima Yi. Before his death, Zhuge orders his trusted generals to build a statue of himself and use it to scare away the enemy in order to buy time for the Shu Han army to retreat safely.
End of the Three Kingdoms[edit]
The long years of battle between Shu Han and Cao Wei sees many changes in the ruling Cao family in Cao Wei. The influence of the Caos weakens after the death of Cao Rui and the state power of Cao Wei eventually falls into the hands of the Sima clan, headed by Sima Yi’s sons Sima Shi and Sima Zhao.
In Shu Han, Jiang Wei inherits Zhuge Liang’s legacy and continues to lead another nine campaigns against Cao Wei for a bitter three decades, but he fails to achieve any significant success. Moreover, the ruler of Shu Han, Liu Shan, is incompetent and places faith in treacherous officials, further leading to the decline of Shu. Shu Han is eventually conquered by Cao Wei. Jiang Wei attempts to restore Shu Han with the help of Zhong Hui but their plans are exposed and both of them are killed by Sima Zhao’s troops. After the fall of Shu Han in 263, Sima Zhao’s son Sima Yan forces the last Wei ruler, Cao Huan, to abdicate his throne in 265, officially ending the Cao Wei dynasty. Sima Yan, having already been proclaimed “Prince of Jin” in the previous year, then formally establishes the Jin Dynasty with him as its first emperor.
In Eastern Wu, there has been internal conflict among the nobles ever since the death of Sun Quan, with Zhuge Ke and Sun Lin making attempts to usurp state power. Although stability is restored temporarily, the last Wu ruler Sun Hao appears to be a tyrant who does not make any efforts to strengthen his kingdom. Eastern Wu, the last of the Three Kingdoms, is finally conquered by Jin after a long period of struggle in the year 280, thus marking the end of the near century-long era of civil strife known as the Three Kingdoms period.
Historical accuracy[edit]
See also: List of fictitious stories in Romance of the Three Kingdoms
The novel draws from historical sources, including Chen Shou’s Records of the Three Kingdoms. Other major influences include Liu Yiqing’s Shishuo Xinyu or A New Account of Tales of the World, published in 430, and the Sanguozhi Pinghua, a chronological collection of eighty fictional sketches starting with the peach garden oath and ending with Zhuge Liang’s death.
Some fifty or sixty Yuan and early Ming plays about the Three Kingdoms are known to have existed, and their material is almost entirely fictional, based on thin threads of actual history. The novel is thus a return to greater emphasis on history, compared to these dramas. The novel also shifted towards better acknowledgement of the Southland’s historical importance, while still portraying some prejudice against them. The Qing Dynasty historian Zhang Xuecheng famously wrote that the novel was 70% fact and 30% fiction. The fictional parts are culled from different sources, including unofficial histories, folk stories, the Sanguozhi Pinghua, and also the author’s own imagination. Nonetheless, the description of the social conditions and the logic that the characters use is accurate to the Three Kingdoms period, creating “believable” situations and characters, even if they are not historically accurate.
Romance of the Three Kingdoms, like the dramas and folk stories of its day, features Liu Bei and his associates as the protagonists; hence the depiction of the people in Shu-Han was glorified. The antagonists, Cao Cao, Sun Quan and their followers, on the other hand, were often denigrated. This suited the political climate in the Ming Dynasty, unlike in the Jin Dynasty, when Cao Wei was considered the legitimate successor to the Han Dynasty.
Some non-historical scenes in the novel have become well-known and subsequently became a part of traditional Chinese culture.
Literary analysis[edit]
A depiction of Pang De at the Battle of Fancheng, from a Qing Dynasty edition of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
Dominant themes of the novel include: the rise and fall of the ideal liege (Liu Bei) finding the ideal minister (Zhuge Liang); the conflict between the ideal liege (Liu Bei) and the consummate villain (Cao Cao); and the cruelties and injustice of feudal or dynastic government.
Critics have argued that Luo Guanzhong’s initial pronouncement “It is a general truism of this world that anything long divided will surely unite, and anything long united will surely divide” epitomises the main theme of the novel. Taking this as a locus for study of the classic has been disputed, however. Further, “division” and “unity” for Luo are not of equal importance. Even though the work shows the journey from unity to division in the final years of the Han Dynasty, that is only the beginning of the book. “The author expended most of his ink on the focal point of his description—the difficult transition from ‘division’ to ‘unity’ and the great achievements that came out of the bitter struggle by various heroes to reunify the Chinese empire.”
Besides the famous oath, many Chinese proverbs in use today are derived from the novel:
Translation Chinese Interpretation
Brothers are like limbs, wives are like clothing. Torn clothing can be repaired; how can broken limbs be mended? 兄弟如手足，妻子如衣服。衣服破，尚可縫； 手足斷，安可續？
It means that wives, like clothing, are replaceable if lost but the same does not hold true for one’s brothers (or friends).
Liu Bei “borrows” Jing Province – borrowing without returning. 劉備借荊州——有借無還 This proverb describes the situation of a person borrowing something without ever returning it.
Speak of Cao Cao and Cao Cao arrives. 說曹操，曹操到
說曹操曹操就到 Equivalent to speak of the devil. Describes the situation of a person appearing precisely when being spoken about.
Three reeking tanners (are enough to) overcome one Zhuge Liang. 三個臭皮匠, 勝過一個諸葛亮
三個臭皮匠, 賽過一個諸葛亮 Three inferior people can overpower a superior person when they combine their strengths.
Losing the lady and having the army crippled. 賠了夫人又折兵 The “lady” lost here was actually Sun Quan’s sister Lady Sun. Zhou Yu’s plan to capture Liu Bei by means of a false marriage proposal failed and Lady Sun really became Liu’s wife. Zhou Yu later led his troops in an attempt to attack Liu Bei but fell into an ambush and suffered a crushing defeat. This saying is now used to describe the situations where a person either makes double losses in a deal or loses on both sides of it.
Eastern Wu arranges a false marriage that turns into a real one. 東吳招親——弄假成真 When a plan to falsely offer something backfires with the result that the thing originally offered is appropriated by the intended victim of the hoax.
Every person on the street knows what is in Sima Zhao’s mind. 司馬昭之心，路人皆知 As Sima Zhao gradually rose to power in Wei, his intention to usurp state power became more obvious. The young Wei emperor Cao Mao once lamented to his loyal ministers, “Every person on the street knows what is in Sima Zhao’s mind (that he wanted to usurp the throne).” This saying is now used to describe a situation where a person’s intention or ambition is rather obvious.
The young should not read Water Margin, and the old should not read Three Kingdoms. 少不讀水滸, 老不讀三國 The former depicts the lives of outlaws and their defiance of the social system and may have a negative influence on adolescent boys, as well as the novel’s depiction of gruesome violence. The latter presents every manner of stratagem and fraud and may tempt older readers to engage in such thinking.
The writing style adopted by Romance of the Three Kingdoms was part of the emergence of written vernacular during the Ming period, as part of the so-called “Four Masterworks” (si da qishu).
Buddhist aspects[edit]
Romance of the Three Kingdoms recorded stories of a Buddhist monk called Pujing (普淨), who was a friend of Guan Yu. Pujing made his first appearance during Guan’s arduous journey of crossing five passes and slaying six generals, in which he warned Guan of an assassination plot. As the novel was written in the Ming Dynasty, more than 1,000 years after the era, these stories showed that Buddhism had long been a significant ingredient of the mainstream culture and may not be historically accurate. Luo Guanzhong preserved these descriptions from earlier versions of the novel to support his portrait of Guan as a faithful man of virtue. Guan has since then been respectfully addressed as “Lord Guan” or Guan Gong.
English translations[edit]
Romance of the Three Kingdoms has been translated into English by numerous scholars. The first known translation was performed in 1907 by John G. Steele and consisted of a single chapter excerpt that was distributed in China to students learning English at Presbyterian missionary schools. Z.Q. Parker published a 1925 translation containing four episodes from the novel including the events of the Battle of Red Cliffs, while Yang Xianyi and Gladys Yang published excerpts in 1981, including chapters 43–50. A complete and faithful translation of the novel was published in two volumes in 1925 by Charles Henry Brewitt-Taylor, a long time official of the Chinese Maritime Customs Service. The translation was well-written, but lacked any supplementary materials such as maps or character lists that would aid Western readers; a 1959 reprint was published that included maps and an introduction by Roy Andrew Miller to assist foreign readers. In 1976, Moss Roberts published an abridged translation containing one fourth of the novel including maps and more than 40 woodblock illustrations from three Chinese versions of the novel. Roberts’ abridgement is reader-friendly, being written for use in colleges and to be read by the general public. After decades of work, Roberts published a full translation in 1991 complete with an afterword, eleven maps, a list of characters, titles, terms, and offices, and almost 100 pages of notes from Mao Zonggang’s commentaries and other scholarly sources. Roberts’ complete translation remains faithful to the original; it is reliable yet still matches the tone and style of the classic text. Yang Ye, a professor in Chinese Literature at the UC Riverside, wrote in Encyclopedia of Literary Translation into English (1998) that Roberts’ translation “supersedes Brewitt-Taylor’s translation and will no doubt remain the definitive English version for many years to come.” Roberts’ translation was republished in 1995 by the Foreign Languages Press without the illustrations.
Cultural references[edit]
Further information: List of media adaptations of Romance of the Three Kingdoms
The story of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms has been told in numerous forms including television series, manga and video games.
See also[edit]
Portal icon Novels portal
List of people of the Three Kingdoms, list of historical people significant to the Three Kingdoms period (220–280)
List of fictional people of the Three Kingdoms, list of fictional people of the Three Kingdoms period (220–280)
List of fictitious stories in Romance of the Three Kingdoms
Timeline of the Three Kingdoms period
Military history of the Three Kingdoms
End of Han Dynasty
Notes[edit]
^ Encyclopedia Americana: Volume 30. Scholastic, original from Pennsylvania State University. 2006. p. 646. ISBN 0-7172-0139-2.
^ Luo Guanzhong. Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Chapter 1.
^ Roberts 1991, pg. 940
^ Kim, Hyung-eun (2008-07-11). “(Review) Historical China film lives up to expectations”. Korea JoongAng Daily. Archived from the original on 2011-12-25. “The Romance of the Three Kingdoms is comparable to the Bible in East Asia. It’s one of the most-read if not, the most-read classics in the region.”
^ Shoji, Kaori (2008-11-06). “War as wisdom and gore”. The Japan Times. “In East Asia, Romance is on par with the works of Shakespeare…in the same way that people in Britain grow up studying Hamlet and Macbeth.”
^ On Cho Ng, Q. Edward Wang, “Mirroring the past: the writing and use of history in imperial China,” University of Hawaii Press, 2005
^ Encyclopedia of Literary Translation into English. Taylor & Francis. 1998. pp. 1221–1222. ISBN 1-884964-36-2. Retrieved 2011-09-22.
^ Roberts 1991, pg. 964
^ Roberts 1991, pg. 938
^ Roberts 1991, pg. 980
^ Roberts 1991, pg. 965
^ Roberts 1991, pp. 967-71
^ Roberts 1991, pg. 981
^ Roberts 1991, pg. 954
^ Roberts 1991, pp. 958-9
^ Roberts 1991, pp. 959, 983
^ Guanzhong 2006, pg. 14
^ Kimbery Ann Besio, Constatine Tung. “Three Kingdoms and Chinese Culture,” SUNY series in Chinese philosophy and culture, SUNY Press, 2007
^ Luo Guanzhong. Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Chapter 15.
^ Liangyan Ge, “Out of the margins: the rise of Chinese vernacular fiction”, University of Hawaii Press, 2001
^ “Romance of the Three Kingdoms”. Chinese Bookshop. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
References and further reading[edit]
Luo, Guanzhong; English translation by Moss Roberts, Introduction by Shi Changyu (2006). Three Kingdoms. Beijing: Foreign Language Press. ISBN 7-119-00590-1.
Roberts, Moss, tr. Three Kingdoms: A Historical Novel (1991) University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22503-1
Li Chengli. Romance of the Three Kingdoms (illustrated in English and Chinese) (2008) Asiapac Books. ISBN 978-981-229-491-3
Besio, Kimberly Ann and Constantine Tung, eds., Three Kingdoms and Chinese Culture. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2007. ISBN 0791470113. Essays on this novel’s literary aspects, use of history, and in contemporary popular culture.
Hsia, Chih-tsing,”The Romance of the Three Kingdoms,” in The Classic Chinese Novel: A Critical Introduction (1968) rpr. Cornell East Asia Series.
Three kingdoms: a historical eurro na árvora das patacas
GostarGostar
não sey se percebem a analogia com os poderes e os podres que suportavam os Han….
mas ahn parece-me uma história para reescrever Portucale e suas ilhas daqui a uns anos
deve custar uns 15 contos ir ao lançamento do livro na afundação soares….
GostarGostar
germ-han? isso nã é o dóitch bank
Without a moral basis, boris o pai do renascimento económico ruski a fazer tijolo como o borges Fyodorov) said, capitalism would just become the means by which the powerful would concentrate their wealth
Questioner: Dr. Krugman, what do you intend to do with your $1.4 million Nobel Prize money?
Paul Krugman: It is now worth only $1.2 million, because of the change in the US$ exchange rate.
Anyhow, I have not, yet, decided. Right now, I am just trying to find a safe bank, in which to deposit the money, whilst I make up my mind!
[Paul Krugman (Nobel Laureate):
Address to the National Press Club – 19, December 2008
GostarGostar
Falta ali uma vírgula.
GostarGostar
E O Déficite de vírgulas vai para…..Sócrates?
This novel reflects Confucian OR CONFUSE OR CON FUSION values that were prominent at the time it was written.
According to Confucian moral standards, loyalty to one’s family, friends, and superiors are important measures for distinguishing good and bad people…..ISTO LEMBRA-ME UMA COUSA QUALQUER Ó GENTES DE BONS COSTUMES…
GostarGostar
facilitismo? isso come-se com quê?
In [John Kenneth Galbraith’s] New Industrial State, published in an age of low interest rates and easy credit for large corporations (1967), the bank was considered secondary to the large corporation. In my father’s judgment, the bank was too remote from the details of corporate operations to control them effectively
The high interest rates of the 1980s changed all that. Suddenly, after being secondary for decades, the cost of funds became a predominant consideration for enterprise survival
Monetarism thus made the industrial firm dependent, once again, on its source of finance.. In this way, it reestablished the preeminent power of financial institutions…Wall Street was back in charge.
The result…was the rise of “short-termism”. Financial targets were set and had to be met, whatever the implications for the long-term viability of the enterprise. A company that failed to do so could be punished by a declining stock price and, ultimately, the discipline of a hostile takeover, followed by aggressive disruption of the technostructure.
Who could survive?
[The Predator State: James K. Galbraith
GostarGostar
E isto não vai trocar as portas aos passos? Os nossos empréstimos não vão sair mais caros???
GostarGostar
LR, o seu post desencadeou a sequência alarve reincidente de quem procura desesperadamente, sem êxito, des-construir o blog. Boa malha.
GostarGostar
No problem. Os blasfemos conseguem ser tão ou mais resilientes que o Euro 🙂
GostarGostar
ou seja não vão morrer de velhos
até o soares durou quase tanto como o escudo
mas percebe-se o SNS até mata maestros logo blasfemos chama-lhes um figo
in us of a cotton club cents per pound Dec 2008 55.47
2013 -….82, 89,….
desesperadamente o euro desvaloriza e perde poder de compra face a hamburgueres de carne de cavalo e outra moedas comestíveis
que valha tanto em dólares ou em reais brasileiros nã é uma medida de resiliência numa moeda afundada em dívidas nacionais
Wood pulp (Sweden), softwood, sulphate, bleached, air-dry weight, c.i.f. North Sea ports
Unit: US Dollars per Metric Ton 719….2008
2013…..860…..
e continuam a lançar livros né…
nã na berdade nã quero tirar o pró tá agonismo ós jã basquistas taxistas
é fartar de cu men tare ó vilanage
mim bai prá migra em january…
GostarGostar
Isto quer dizer que são mais de torcer e aguentar as torcidelas do que de quebrar? 🙂
GostarGostar
Enfim, seremos mais a dar para o retorcido…:-)
GostarGostar
Bem me parecia. Mas dito assim… 🙂
GostarGostar
e 22 mil milhões em moedas ó gama gama beta beta max
948 mil milhões en circulante quase paga a dívida da italia…
GostarGostar
não filha não procuro nada
nem quero achar nada muito menos b-log’s onde o joão basquismo é o credo…..
dezembro de 2008
Euro – 1,4517 dólares
Pitroil Londres – 71,76 dólares nos futuros
Ouro – 1000,75 Prata 16,75 Cobre 6297 alumínio 1821
real -2,64 por euro milho 300
komodo od ities?Dec 2008 87.32
Nov 2013 139.64……bolas nã houve inflação nenhuma pôrra
GostarGostar
mas o jão basquista tem razão numa cousa
Description: U.S. Gulf Coast Kerosene-Type Jet Fuel Spot Price FOB
Unit: US Dollars per Gallon 1,88…em 2008 e 2,83 em novembro de 2013….é tudo relativo o bloqueio ou a inflação
1,88 para 2,83 para pessoal que ganha 5000 ao mês de consultadorias de imagem e restantes e que em 2008 ganhavam muito menos pois os do sócraters faziam lo serviço
nã é inflação
é qualidade de vida
o eurro tá nice
GostarGostar
A CRENÇA NA resiliência dos systhemas é um mytho
a descrença no sistema leva a haver mais gente com as poupanças à mão da ladroage do que com aplicação em títulos de dívida em euros
Автор: juncker naut no Комментариев нет:
Отправить по электроннойo
Цитадель Существования значит умереть
пятница, 27 декабря 2013 г.
A VIDA DESPERDIÇA-SE COMO TUDO O RESTO, POIS NUMA SOCIEDADE DE CONSUMO HÁ QUE CONSUMIR A VIDA EM TRAGOS SÔFREGOS E RÁPIDOS SE POSSÍVEL GASTÁ-LA ATÉ AO OSSO…
AGGREGATING PHEROMONES IN BARK BEETLES
THEY HAVE THE ABILTY TO OVERCOME THE TREE DEFENSES BY MASS INFESTATION
IS THE SAME WITH THE INTERNET….
Ярлыки: THE BARK BEETLES VON INTERNET ARE ON
GostarGostar
Não tenho problemas nenhuns com o que escreveu, de facto, até concordo em pleno com a sua última frase “Assim se mantenha o rumo e não haja asneiras e cedências ao facilitismo por parte da nossa política interna.”, só tenho uma pequena questão: e os pobres? É que se nós “continuamos em recessão e com elevado desemprego” e o Estado insiste cada vez mais e dramaticamente em cortar os apoios aos mais desfavorecidos, o que é que acontece ao sistema? Bem sei que o Adam Smith dizia que por cada rico havia quinhentos pobres e que as desigualdades eram parte integrante e obrigatória do sistema capitalista, mas o que é que acontece aos pobres? Deixamo-los morrer na sarjeta, como se fazia no século XIX (incorrendo depois no terrível risco de deixar que os pobres se revoltem contra o sistema nos países mais fracos e provoquem instabilidade social, ou pior, novas revoluções socialistas e nazi-fascistas, com todos os perigos que isso acarreta)? É esta parte da equação que não estou a compreender, onde é que vão ficar os futuros excluídos do sistema, o que é que lhes vai acontecer? A essa pergunta a direita portuguesa ainda não soube responder (infelizmente, a pseudo-esquerda representada no PS também não o soube fazer até agora).
GostarGostar
A solução para os pobres é o jonetismo.
GostarGostar
Os pobres não estão pior do que antes, por muito que a propaganda diga o contrário. Compare este ajustamento (mais duro e será bem mais longo) com o ocorrido em 1983 e verá que as classes baixas estão muito mais salvaguardadas agora. Basta comparar as taxas de inflação e a progressividade de muitas medidas que agora se tomaram, seja a nível de impostos ou de corte em salários e em pensões.
GostarGostar
LR
Mas a médio e longo prazo quem vai beneficiar com esta moeda forte, o Sul europeu ou a Alemanha?
Então e a solidariedade europeia, para que serve?
Não lhe parece que isto irá aumentar as desigualdades?
E se este caminho beneficia os que já estão fortes, e impede os mais fracos (como nós) de se aproximarem, porque razão havemos de o idolatrar?
GostarGostar
“Os pobres não estão pior do que antes…”
Um pobre é um pobre. É um pobre.
O problema está na quantidade de pobres.
Às tantas há um tsunami de pobres formado pelas corporações de pobres.
GostarGostar
Em relação aos outros ajustamentos tem razão, foram ainda piores.
Mas sendo a receita do FMI aquilo que se percebe, porque não temos já no banco dos réus os decisores politicos que criminosamente nos colocaram nesta bandeja?
Algum pais intervencionado pelo FMI melhorou?
Iremos aprender alguma coisa desta vez? Ou vamos voltar à demagogia e colocar-nos na posição do costume?
GostarGostar
O LR faz-me lembrar um naufrago que após o estilhaçar do barco, agarra-se aos pequenos destroços que vão aparecendo à tona, eleva os olhos ao céu e exclama, estamos salvos… estamos salvos!!!
Para estes adeptos do Tea Party Portuga “ajustar” significa empobrecer, empobrecer, espatifar a economia, fazer retroceder o país a todos os níveis!
Para além do meio milhão de desempregados que criaram, com o seu “ajustamento virtuoso”, aproxima-se dos 350.000 os desempregados de longa duração, sem direito já ao subsídeo de desemprego, sem direito ao RSI, sem direito a nada, NADA!!!
Que respondem estes neoliberais? silêncio! esperemos pelos amanhãs que hão-de cantar… onde é que já ouvi isto?
GostarGostar
LR, os pobres não estão pior do que antes, os pobres são pobres e por isso estarão sempre mal em situações de crise. Quanto a comparar com as crises anteriores, eu nunca disse que essas crises tinham sido bem geridas (Portugal tem problemas estruturais porque essas crises foram mal geridas e porque nas décadas seguintes ninguém quis resolver o problema até agora, não é preciso ser-se de direita ou do PSD para perceber isso), o que eu digo é que o Estado se está a esquecer do seu papel fundamental de proteger os cidadãos mais necessitados, se quiser, acrescento, tal como não os protegeu em 1983.
Em relação a estarem agora mais protegidos, vamos ter calma. Lá porque o governo reduz o preço dos medicamentos (é um facto louvável) e porque aumenta as reformas mais miseráveis (também é louvável), não significa que os pobres estejam protegidos (ganhar 256€ em vez de 253€ não é uma grande diferença quando as rendas vão ser aumentadas sem cláusulas de segurança dentro de poucos anos, quando a lei dos arrendamentos entrar totalmente em vigor), significa apenas que este governo tem, quanto muito, tido a noção de que se os pobres não tiverem mesmo nada se podem revoltar e abalar o sistema, ademais, como os economistas do século XIX já tinham previsto e os líderes do século XX constataram aquando a Revolução Bolchevique.
GostarGostar
AI FILHA OS POBRES SÃO UMA VELHARIA DESGRAÇADA
OU ANDAM NO GAMANÇO
VÃO-SE REVOLTAR ADONDE? AQUI REVOLTAMO-NOS TODOS OS FINS DE SEMANA MAS ANDAMOS À NAIFADA UNS AOS OUTROS
FAZ A CONTA Ó GAMA…
HOJE CIRCULAM OU ANDAM NOS COFRES DE DITADURAS VÁRIAS
840 MIL MILHÕES EM NOTAS
É OBRA
2013 Nov.
(p)
15,752 ,000,000 15 MIL MILHÕES DE NOTAS
579 MILHÕES DE NOTAS DE 500
195 MILHÕES DE NOTAS DE 200
1,806 MIL E OITOCENTOS MILHÕES DE NOTAS DE 100
6,646 SEIS MIL E SEISCENTOS MILHÕES DE NOTAS DE 50
2,882 DOIS MIL E OITOCENTOS MILHÕES de NOTAS DE 20
2,034 MILHÕES EM NOTAS DE 10
1,609 MIL E SEISCENTOS MILHÕES DE NOTAS DE 5
QUANTO HÁ EM CIRCULAÇÃO E EM DEPÓSITOS VÁRIOS
É SÓ FAZER AS CONTAS
289 MIL E 500 MILHÕES DE EUROS EM NOTAS DE 500
APENAS 39 MIL MILHÕES EM NOTAS DE 200
180 MIL E SEISCENTOS MILHÕES EM NOTAS DE 100
332 MIL E 300 MILHÕES EM NOTAS DE 50
57 mil e 640 milhões em vintes
apenas 20 mil e trezentos e quarenta milhões em notas de 10
e 8 mil e trinta e cinco milhões em notas de 5
tudo somado dá 928 mil milhões e uns troikos se nã me falham as contas
e inda dizem que a massa monetária potencialmente apta pra circular não aumentou
de 840 mil milhões em 2010
para 928 mil milhões em 2013 vão
é só fazer as contas tásse…
GostarGostar
Ainda não percebi uma coisa. Se os cantoneiros e os condutores da carris e os condutores do metro estão a fazer greve às horas extraordinárias…
Que raio.
Aumentem o horário de trabalho!!!!!
Com horários de 5 horas! As restantes 3 horas são pagas como extraordinárias!
R.
GostarGostar
Pelos vistos não percebeu várias coisas!
GostarGostar
Do insuspeito PEDRO ARROJA:
«PORTUGAL TEM DE ABANDONAR MOEDA ÚNICA SE QUISER VENCER ESTA CRISE.» (in Vida Económica)
GostarGostar
Sou contra a saída mas, que temos de discutir o assunto, isso é evidente .Não é possível sobreviver com a dívida , juros e taxas atuais .Com estes fatores o nosso” ajustamento” levará os salários para os valores asiáticos ,30 a 40 dólares por mês.
GostarGostar
http://www.agoravox.fr/actualites/politique/article/noel-2013-appauvrissement-et-145425
GostarGostar
Quem é que diz que o “euro-marco” alemão é uma moeda moribunda? Podemos é dizer que é uma moeda “marimbunda”, uma vez que se “marimba” para grande parte dos seus utilizadores. Mazinha. E logo eu que até sou a favor. Mas apenas do “euro”, não do “euro-marco”. 😉
GostarGostar
BOM, EM SIMPLEX MUITO SIMPLES
DE 1999 A 2001 FORAM IMPRESSAS 13 MIL MILHÕES DE NOTAS
VALIAM NA ALTURA AS NOTAS IMPRESSAS
400,000 MILHÕES DE EUROS
APENAS IMPRIMIRAM NOTAS PARA PAGAR DUAS DÍVIDAS A PORTUGAL
AGORA DEVE HAVER UM POUCO MAIS DE PAPEL EM CIRCULAÇÃO…
GostarGostar
800 MIL MILHÕES…..
TÁ TUDE AQUI
Why the increase?
Chart 1
Value of euro banknotes in circulation between 2002 and end-2010
Value of euro banknotes in circulation.
Source: ECB.
Chart 2
Number of euro banknotes in circulation between 2002 and end-2010
Number of euro banknotes in circulation.
Source: ECB.
The charts on the right show the change in the total value and number of euro banknotes in circulation between 2002 and end-2010.
Chart 1 displays the rise in the value – the red dotted line – of euro banknotes in circulation since they were introduced in January 2002. At the end of 2010 they reached a value of €840 billion.
Chart 2 shows the rise in the number of euro banknotes in circulation – the red dotted line. At end-December 2010, 14 billion banknotes were circulating. That number also includes those stored at banks in the form of savings.
After the introduction of euro cash in 2002 the value and number of banknotes increased steadily but their growth rates gradually went down – with one exception. In October 2008 there was a distinct surge following the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers and the worsening of the financial crisis. Many people withdrew money from their their saving accounts. As a result, the value of euro banknotes in circulation in October 2008 rose sharply by an additional €35-€40 billion.
In 2009 the situation normalised. Interestingly, the additional banknotes that came into circulation in 2008 have not yet been returned to the national central banks of the euro area. This indicates that people both inside and outside the area are keeping hold of them.
Similarly, the value and number of euro coins in circulation has also been growing steadily since 2002. At the end of 2010, 93 billion coins worth €22 billion were in circulation. The share of low-value coins (1, 2, 5 cent coins) has been steadily increasing and amounted to about 60% of all coins in circulation.
GostarGostar
O EURRO ESSA MOEDA MAIS VIRTUAL QUE REAL….NA VERDADE É UMA MOEDA MAIS REPUBLICANA QUE MONÁRQUICA E MAIS DO QUE ANÁRQUICA
MAIS VALE UM EURO NA MÃO QUE MIL ESCUDOS A AVOAR
compram-se notas de conto de réis a 50 cêntimos pra reciclar
GostarGostar
A chefe, a grandiosa Merkel é uma fêmea homo sapiens com profundos conhecimentos do mundo em à sua volta.
A chefe, the big beach, a que manda nos políticos da Europa (machos da espécie homo sapiens) sabe que a economia da América pode dar muitas coisas ao contrário da economia Europeia que pode dar poucas.
A chefe, o Panzer da Europa, sabe que comparar a economia da Europa com a da América é como comparar um pénis com uma vagina.
A chefe, a grandiosa Merkel, com grandes conhecimentos de todas as ciências, e também de economia, sabe que o potencial produtivo da América, é como o de uma prostituta fêmea enquanto o potencial da economia europeia é como o de um prostituto macho.
O que a grande chefe não sabe é dominar a arte do coito interrompido.
Mas a grande chefe sabe e que a maioria dos “homo sapiens” macho europeus não consegue dar duas sem tirar fora mas todos dão muitas sem meter dentro.
Concluindo a solução para a Europa passa por depositar na conta de todos os europeus mensalmente 10000 bitcoins para animar o mercado interno. Para promover a procura do Euro no mundo a solução passa por imprimir notas com imagens de todas as posições do Kama sutra para que todos os colecionadores do mundo se encham de notas de euro.
Resumindo e concluindo, a América pode estar por cima ou por baixo, mas em qualquer posição é a América que controla a situação.
GostarGostar
escreve-se bitch
há já nortas ou norton’s a mais ó gama gama delta delta
a solução é fazê-las chegar a quem as gaste
olha os brasucas ou os do pica-pau amarillo estouraram com uma caixa de notas
hontem
mas inda sobram
289 MIL E 500 MILHÕES DE EUROS EM NOTAS DE 500
APENAS 39 MIL MILHÕES EM NOTAS DE 200
180 MIL E SEISCENTOS MILHÕES EM NOTAS DE 100
332 MIL E 300 MILHÕES EM NOTAS DE 50
57 mil e 640 milhões em vintes
apenas 20 mil e trezentos e quarenta milhões em notas de 10
e 8 mil e trinta e cinco milhões em notas de 5
tudo somado dá 928 mil milhões e uns troikos se nã me falham as contas
e inda dizem que a massa monetária potencialmente apta pra circular não aumentou
de 840 mil milhões em 2010
para 928 mil milhões em 2013 vão
é só fazer as contas tásse…
GostarGostar
In the long-run, money is neutral.
Caro LR, os EUA fizeram um ajustamento fiscal maior que o da Eurozone e cresceram acima de 4% no último trimestre. Desconfio que o desemprego cairá dos 6% durante o próximo ano. Como é bem possível que a dívida publica em % do GDP desça já no próximo ano. E isto sem quaisquer vestígios de inflação – bem pelo contrário, a taxa de inflação têm-se mantido abaixo do target. Ou seja, este ajustamento poderia ter sido bem mais rápido. Mas repare que os EUA estão a crescer consistemente durante uma contracção fiscal brutal. Monetary policy reigns supreme.
O BCE também tem falhado sucessivamente o target de inflação. O dinheiro na Europa está super apertado – pelo próprio critério do BCE.
A política do FED tem sido apenas marginalmente melhor – foi demasiado tímido na implementação de uma política acomodatícia num grau suficiente. Mas a do BCE tem sido, pelo menos até recentemente, verdadeiramente destrutiva.
O Krugman está enganado sobre várias coisas -entre as quais, na tese de que a Eurozone e os EUA alguma vez tiveram numa liquidity trap e que a política monetária esteve impotente- incluindo na necessidade e na severidade dos efeitos dos ajustamentos estruturais das economias do sul da Europa. Contudo, quando ele critica o BCE por manter a moeda demasiado apertada, tem razão.
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